(10) Book Tenth - Residence in France and French Revolution

Book Tenth Residence in France and
French Revolution

IT was a beautiful and silent day
That overspread the countenance of earth,
Then fading, with unusual quietness,
When from the Loire I parted, and through scenes
Of vineyard, orchard, meadow-ground and tilth, 5
Calm waters, gleams of sun, and breathless trees,
Towards the fierce metropolis turned my steps
Their homeward way to England. From his throne
The King had fallen; the congregated host—
Dire cloud, upon the front of which was written 10
The tender mercies of the dismal wind
That bore it—on the plains of Liberty
Had burst innocuously. Say more, the swarm
That came elate and jocund, like a band
Of eastern hunters, to enfold in ring 15
Narrowing itself by moments, and reduce
To the last punctual spot of their despair,
A race of victims—so they seemed—themselves
Had shrunk from sight of their own task, and fled
In terror. Desolation and dismay 20
Remained for them whose fancies had grown rank
With evil expectations: confidence
And perfect triumph to the better cause.
The state, as if to stamp the final seal
On her security, and to the world 25
Shew what she was, a high and fearless soul—

Or rather in a spirit of thanks to those
Who had stirred up her slackening faculties
To a new transition—had assumed with joy
The body and the venerable name 30
Of a republic. Lamentable crimes,
'Tis true, had gone before this hour—the work
Of massacre, in which the senseless sword
Was prayed to as a judge—but these were past,
Earth free from them for ever (as was thought), 35
Ephemeral monsters, to be seen but once,
Things that could only shew themselves and die.

This was the time in which, enflamed with hope,
To Paris I returned. Again I ranged,
More eagerly than I had done before, 40
Through the wide city, and in progress passed
The prison where the unhappy monarch lay,
Associate with his children and his wife
In bondage, and the palace, lately stormed
With roar of cannon and a numerous host. 45
I crossed—a black and empty area then—
The square of the Carousel, a few weeks back
Heaped up with dead and dying, upon these
And other sights looking as doth a man
Upon a volume whose contents he knows 50
Are memorable but from him locked up,
Being written in a tongue he cannot read,
So that he questions the mute leaves with pain,
And half upbraids their silence. But that night
When on my bed I lay, I was most moved 55
And felt most deeply in what world I was;
My room was high and lonely, near the roof
Of a large mansion or hotel, a spot
That would have pleased me in more quiet times—
Nor was it wholly without pleasure then. 60
With unextinguished taper I kept watch,
Reading at intervals. The fear gone by
Pressed on me almost like a fear to come.

I thought of those September massacres,
Divided from me by a little month, 65
And felt and touched them, a substantial dread
(The rest was conjured up from tragic fictions,
And mournful calendars of true history,
Remembrances and dim admonishments):
'The horse is taught his manage, and the wind 70
Of heaven wheels round and treads in his own steps;
Year follows year, the tide returns again,
Day follows day, all things have second birth;
The earthquake is not satisfied at once'—
And in such way I wrought upon myself, 75
Until I seemed to hear a voice that cried
To the whole city, 'Sleep no more!' To this
Add comments of a calmer mind—from which
I could not gather full security—
But at the best it seemed a place of fear, 80
Unfit for the repose of night,
Defenceless as a wood where tigers roam.

Betimes next morning to the Palace-walk
Of Orleans I repaired, and entering there
Was greeted, among divers other notes, 85
By voices of the hawkers in the crowd
Brawling, Denunciation of the crimes
Of Maximilian Robespierre. The speech
Which in their hands they carried was the same
Which had been recently pronounced—the day 90
When Robespierre, well known for what mark
Some words of indirect reproof had been
Intended, rose in hardihood, and dared
The man who had ill surmise of him
To bring his charge in openness. Whereat, 95
When a dead pause ensued and no one stirred,
In silence of all present, from his seat
Louvet walked singly through the avenue
And took his station in the Tribune, saying,
'I, Robespierre, accuse thee!' 'Tis well known 100

What was the issue of that charge, and how
Louvet was left alone without support
Of his irresolute friends, but these are things
Of which I speak only as they were storm
Or sunshine to my individual mind, 105
No further. Let me than relate that now—
In some sort seeing with my proper eyes
That liberty, and life, and death, would soon
To the remotest corners of the land
Lie in the arbitrement of those who ruled 110
The capital city; what was struggled for,
And by what combatants victory must be won;
The indecision on their part whose aim
Seemed best, and the straightforward path of those
Who in attack or in defence alike 115
Were strong through their impiety—greatly
I Was agitated. Yea, I could almost
Have prayed that throughout earth upon all souls
Worthy of liberty, upon every soul
Matured to live in plainness and in truth, 120
The gift of tongues might fall, and men arrive
From the four quarters of the winds to do
For France what without help she could not do,
A work of honour—think not that to this
I added, work of safety: from such thought, 125
And the least fear about the end of things,
I was as far as angels are from guilt.

Yet did I grieve, nor only grieved, but thought
Of opposition and of remedies:
An insignificant stranger and obscure, 130
Mean as I was, and little graced with powers
Of eloquence even in my native speech,
And all unfit for tumult and intrigue,
Yet would I willingly have taken up
A service at this time for cause so great, 135
However dangerous. Inly I revolved
How much the destiny of man had still

Hung upon single persons; that there was,
Transcendent to all local patrimony,
One nature as there is one sun in heaven; 140
That objects, even as they are great, thereby
Do come within the reach of humblest eyes;
That man was only weak through his mistrust
And want of hope, where evidence divine
Proclaimed to him that hope should be most sure; 145
That, with desires heroic and firm sense,
A spirit thoroughly faithful to itself,
Unquenchable, unsleeping, undismayed,
Was as an instinct among men, a stream
That gathered up each petty straggling rill 150
And vein of water, glad to be rolled on
In safe obedience; that a mind whose rest
Was where it ought to be, in self-restraint,
In circumspection and simplicity,
Fell rarely in entire discomfiture 155
Below its aim, or met with from without
A treachery that defeated it or foiled.

On the other side, I called to mind those truths
Which are the commonplaces of the schools,
A theme for boys, too trite even to be felt, 160
Yet with revelation's liveliness
In all their comprehensive bearings known
And visible to philosophers of old,
Men who, to business of the world untrained,
Lived in the shade; and to Harmodius known, 165
And his compeer Aristogiton; known
To Brutus—that tyrannic power is weak,
Hath neither gratitude, nor faith nor love,
Nor the support of good or evil men,
To trust in; that the godhead which is ours 170
Can never utterly be charmed or stilled;
That nothing hath a natural right to last
But equity and reason; that all else
Meets foes irreconcilable, and at best
Doth live but by variety of disease. 175

Well might my wishes be intense, my thoughts
Strong and perturbed, not doubting at that time—
Creed which ten shameful years have not annulled—
But that the virtue of one paramount mind 180
Would have abashed those impious crests, have quelled
Outrage and bloody power, and in despite
Of what the people were through ignorance
And immaturity, and in the teeth
Of desperate opposition from without, 185
Have cleared a passage for just government,
And left a solid birthright to the state,
Redeemed according to example given
By ancient lawgivers. In this frame of mind
Reluctantly to England I returned, 190
Compelled by nothing less than absolute want
Of funds for my support; else, well assured
That I both was and must be of small worth,
No better than an alien in the land,
I doubtless should have made a common cause 195
With some who perished, haply perished too—
A poor mistaken and bewildered offering,
Should to the breast of Nature have gone back,
With all my resolutions, all my hopes,
A poet only to myself, to men 200
Useless, and even, belove`d friend, a soul
To thee unknown.

When to my native land,
After a whole year's absence, I returned,
I found the air yet busy with the stir 205
Of a contention which had been raised up
Against the traffickers in Negro blood,
An effort which, though baffled, nevertheless
Had called back old forgotten principles
Dismissed from service, had diffused some truths, 210
And more of virtuous feeling, through the heart
Of the English people. And no few of those,
So numerous—little less in verity
Than a whole nation crying with one voice—
Who had been crossed in this their just intent 215
And righteous hope, thereby were well prepared
To let that journey sleep awhile, and join
Whatever other caravan appeared
To travel forward towards Liberty
With more success. For me that strife had ne'er 220
Fastened on my affections, nor did now
Its unsuccessful issue much excite
My sorrow, having laid this faith to heart,
That if France prospered good men would not long
Pay fruitless worship to humanity, 225
And this most rotten branch of human shame
(Object, as seemed, of superfluous pains)
Would fall together with its parent tree.

Such was my then belief—that there was one,
And only one, solicitude for all. 230
And now the strength of Britain was put forth
In league with the confederated host;
Not in my single self alone I found,
But in the minds of all ingenuous youth,
Change and subversion from this hour. No shock 235
Given to my moral nature had I known
Down to that very moment—neither lapse
Nor turn of sentiment—that might be named
A revolution, save at this one time:
All else was progress on the self-same path 240
On which with a diversity of pace
I had been travelling; this, a stride at once
Into another region. True it is,
'Twas not concealed with what ungracious eyes
Our native rulers from the very first 245
Had looked upon regenerated France;
Nor had I doubted that this day would come—
But in such contemplation I had thought
Of general interests only, beyond this
Had never once foretasted the event. 250
Now had I other business, for I felt
The ravage of this most unnatural strife
In my own heart; there lay it like a weight,
At enmity with all the tenderest springs
Of my enjoyments. I, who with the breeze 255
Had played, a green leaf on the blessed tree
Of my beloved country—nor had wished
For happier fortune than to wither there—
Now from my pleasant station was cut off,
And tossed about in whirlwinds. I rejoiced, 260
Yes, afterwards, truth painful to record,
Exulted in the triumph of my soul
When Englishmen by thousands were o'erthrown,
Left without glory on the field, or driven,
Brave hearts, to shameful flight. It was a grief— 265
Grief call it not, 'twas any thing but that—
A conflict of sensations without name,
Of which he only who may love the sight
Of a village steeple as I do can judge,
When in the congregation, bending all 270
To their great Father, prayers were offered up
Or praises for our country's victories,
And, 'mid the simple worshippers perchance
I only, like an uninvited guest
Whom no one owned, sate silent—shall I add, 275
Fed on the day of vengeance yet to come!

Oh, much have they to account for, who could tear
By violence at one decisive rent
From the best youth in England their dear pride,
Their joy, in England. This, too, at a time 280
In which worst losses easily might wear
The best of names; when patriotic love
Did of itself in modesty give way
Like the precursor when the deity
Is come, whose harbinger he is—a time 285
In which apostacy from ancient faith
Seemed but conversion to a higher creed;
Withal a season dangerous and wild—
A time in which Experience would have plucked
Flowers out of any hedge to make thereof 290
A chaplet, in contempt of his grey locks.

Ere yet the fleet of Britain had gone forth
On this unworthy service, whereunto
The unhappy counsel of a few weak men
Had doomed it, I beheld the vessels lie— 295
A brood of gallant creatures—on the deep
I saw them in their rest, a sojourner
Through a whole month of calm and glassy days
In that delightful island which protects
Their place of convocation. There I heard 300
Each evening, walking by the still sea-shore,
A monitory sound which never failed—
The sunset cannon. When the orb went down
In the tranquillity of Nature, came
That voice—ill requiem—seldom heard by me 305
Without a spirit overcast, a deep
Imagination, thought of woes to come,
And sorrow for mankind, and pain of heart.

In France, the men who for their desperate ends
Had plucked up mercy by the roots were glad 310
Of this new enemy. Tyrants, strong before
In devilish pleas, were ten times stronger now,
And thus beset with foes on every side,
The goaded land waxed mad; the crimes of few
Spread into madness of the many; blasts 315
From hell came sanctified like airs from heaven.
The sternness of the just, the faith of those
Who doubted not that Providence had times
Of anger and of vengeance, theirs who throned
The human understanding paramount 320
And made of that their god, the hopes of those

Who were content to barter short-lived pangs
For a paradise of ages, the blind rage
Of insolent tempers, the light vanity
Of intermeddlers, steady purposes 325
Of the suspicious, slips of the indiscreet,
And all the accidents of life, were pressed
Into one service, busy with one work.
The Senate was heart-stricken, not a voice
Uplifted, none to oppose or mitigate. 330
Domestic carnage now filled all the year
With feast-days: the old man from the chimney-nook,
The maiden from the bosom of her love,
The mother from the cradle of her babe,
The warrior from the field—all perished, all— 335
Friends, enemies, of all parties, ages, ranks,
Head after head, and never heads enough
For those who bade them fall. They found their joy,
They made it, ever thirsty, as a child—
If light desires of innocent little ones 340
May with such heinous appetites be matched—
Having a toy, a windmill, though the air
Do of itself blow fresh and makes the vane
Spin in his eyesight, he is not content,
But with the plaything at arm's length he sets 345
His front against the blast, and runs amain
To make it whirl the faster.

In the depth
Of these enormities, even thinking minds
Forgot at seasons whence they had their being— 350
Forgot that such a sound was ever heard
As Liberty upon earth—yet all beneath
Her innocent authority was wrought,
Nor could have been, without her blesse`d name.
The illustrious wife of Roland, in the hour 355
Of her composure, felt that agony
And gave it vent in her last words. O friend,
It was a lamentable time for man,

Whether a hope had e'er been his or not;
A woeful time for them whose hopes did still 360
Outlast the shock; most woeful for those few—
They had the deepest feeling of the grief—
Who still were flattered, and had trust in man.
Meanwhile the invaders fared as they deserved:
The herculean Commonwealth had put forth her arms, 365
And throttled with an infant godhead's might
The snakes about her cradle—that was well,
And as it should be, yet no cure for those
Whose souls were sick with pain of what would be
Hereafter brought in charge against mankind. 370
Most melancholy at that time, O friend,
Were my day-thoughts, my dreams were miserable;
Through months, through years, long after the last beat
Of those atrocities (I speak bare truth,
As if to thee alone in private talk) 375
I scarcely had one night of quiet sleep,
Such ghastly visions had I of despair,
And tyranny, and implements of death,
And long orations which in dreams I pleaded
Before unjust tribunals, with a voice 380
Labouring, a brain confounded, and a sense
Of treachery and desertion in the place
The holiest that I knew of—my own soul.

When I began at first, in early youth,
To yield myself to Nature—when that strong 385
And holy passion overcame me first—
Neither day nor night, evening or morn,
Were free from the oppression, but, great God,
Who send'st thyself into this breathing world
Through Nature and through every kind of life, 390
And mak'st man what he is, creature divine,
In single or in social eminence,
Above all these raised infinite ascents
When reason, which enables him to be,
Is not sequestered—what a change is here! 395

How different ritual for this after-worship,
What countenance to promote this second love!
That first was service but to things which lie
At rest, within the bosom of thy will:
Therefore to serve was high beatitude; 400
The tumult was a gladness, and the fear
Ennobling, venerable; sleep secure,
And waking thoughts more rich than happiest dreams.
But as the ancient prophets were enflamed,
Nor wanted consolations of their own 405
And majesty of mind, when they denounced
On towns and cities, wallowing in the abyss
Of their offences, punishment to come;
Or saw like other men with bodily eyes
Before them in some desolated place 410
The consummation of the wrath of Heaven;
So did some portion of that spirit fall
On me to uphold me through those evil times,
And in their rage and dog-day heat I found
Something to glory in, as just and fit, 415
And in the order of sublimest laws.
And even if that were not, amid the awe
Of unintelligible chastisement
I felt a kind of sympathy with power—
Motions raised up within me, nevertheless, 420
Which had relationship to highest things.
Wild blasts of music thus did find their
way Into the midst of terrible events,
So that worst tempests might be listened to:
Then was the truth received into my heart 425
That under heaviest sorrow earth can bring,
Griefs bitterest of ourselves or of our kind,
If from the affliction somewhere do not grow
Honour which could not else have been—a faith,
An elevation, and a sanctity— 430
If new strength be not given, or old restored,
The blame is ours, not Nature's.
When a taunt Was taken up by scoffers in their pride,

Saying, 'Behold the harvest which we reap
From popular government and equality', 435
I saw that it was neither these nor aught
Of wild belief engrafted on their names
By false philosophy, that caused the woe,
But that it was a reservoir of guilt
And ignorance, filled up from age to age, 440
That could no longer hold its loathsome charge,
But burst and spread in deluge through the land.

And as the desert hath green spots, the sea
Small islands in the midst of stormy waves,
So that disastrous period did not want 445
Such sprinklings of all human excellence
As were a joy to hear of. Yet—nor less
For those bright spots, those fair examples given
Of fortitude, and energy, and love,
And human nature faithful to itself 450
Under worst trials—was I impelled to think
Of the glad time when first I traversed France,
A youthful pilgrim; above all remembered
That day when through an arch that spanned the street,
A rainbow made of garish ornaments 455
(Triumphal pomp for Liberty confirmed)
We walked, a pair of weary travellers,
Along the town of Arras—place from which
Issued that Robespierre, who afterwards
Wielded the sceptre of the atheist crew. 460
When the calamity spread far and wide,
And this same city, which had even appeared
To outrun the rest in exultation, groaned
Under the vengeance of her cruel son,
As Lear reproached the winds, I could almost 465
Have quarrelled with that blameless spectacle
For being yet an image in my mind
To mock me under such a strange reverse.

O friend, few happier moments have been mine
Through my whole life than that when first I heard 470
That this foul tribe of Moloch was o'erthrown,
And their chief regent levelled with the dust.
The day was one which haply may deserve
A separate chronicle. Having gone abroad
From a small village where I tarried then, 475
To the same far-secluded privacy
I was returning. Over the smooth sands
Of Leven's ample aestuary lay
My journey, and beneath a genial sun,
With distant prospect among gleams of sky 480
And clouds, and intermingled mountain-tops,
In one inseparable glory clad—
Creatures of one ethereal substance, met
In consistory, like a diadem
Or crown of burning seraphs, as they sit 485
In the empyrean. Underneath this show Lay, as
I knew, the nest of pastoral vales
Among whose happy fields I had grown up
From childhood. On the fulgent spectacle,
Which neither changed, nor stirred, nor passed away, 490
I gazed, and with a fancy more alive
On this account—that I had chanced to find
That morning, ranging through the churchyard graves
Of Cartmell's rural town, the place in which
An honored teacher of my youth was laid. 495
While we were schoolboys he had died among us,
And was born hither, as I knew, to rest
With his own family. A plain stone, inscribed
With name, date, office, pointed out the spot,
To which a slip of verses was subjoined— 500
By his desire, as afterwards I learned—
A fragment from the Elegy of Gray.
A week, or little less, before his death
He had said to me, 'My head will soon lie low';
And when I saw the turf that covered him, 505
After the lapse of full eight years, those words,
With sound of voice, and countenance of the man,

Came back upon me, so that some few tears
Fell from me in my own despite. And now,
Thus travelling smoothly o'er the level sands, 510
I thought with pleasure of the verses graven
Upon his tombstone, saying to myself,
'He loved the poets, and if now alive
Would have loved me, as one not destitute
Of promise, nor belying the kind hope 515
Which he had formed when I at his command
Began to spin, at first, my toilsome songs.'


Without me and within as I advanced
All that I saw, or felt, or communed with,
Was gentleness and peace. Upon a small 520
And rocky island near, a fragment stood—
Itself like a sea rock—of what had been
A Romish chapel, where in ancient times
Masses were said at the hour which suited those
Who crossed the sands with ebb of morning tide. 525
Not far from this still ruin all the plain
Was spotted with a variegated crowd
Of coaches, wains, and travellers, horse and foot,
Wading, beneath the conduct of their guide,
In loose procession through the shallow stream 530
Of inland water; the great sea meanwhile
Was at safe distance, far retired. I paused,
Unwilling to proceed, the scene appeared
So gay and cheerful—when a traveller
Chancing to pass, I carelessly inquired 535
If any news were stirring, he replied
In the familiar language of the day
That, Robespierre was dead. Nor was a doubt,
On further question, left within my mind
But that the tidings were substantial truth— 540
That he and his supporters all were fallen.

Great was my glee of spirit, great my joy
In vengeance, and eternal justice, thus
Made manifest. 'Come now, ye golden times',
Said I, forth-breathing on those open sands 545
A hymn of triumph, 'as the morning comes
Out of the bosom of the night, come ye.
Thus far our trust is verified: behold,
They who with clumsy desperation brought
Rivers of blood, and preached that nothing else 550
Could cleanse the Augean stable, by the might
Of their own helper have been swept away.
Their madness is declared and visible;
Elsewhere will safety now be sought, and earth
March firmly towards righteousness and peace.' 555
Then schemes I framed more calmly, when and how
The madding factions might be tranquillized,
And—though through hardships manifold and long—
The mighty renovation would proceed.
Thus, interrupted by uneasy bursts 560
Of exultation, I pursued my way
Along that very shore which I had skimmed
In former times, when, spurring from the Vale
Of Nightshade, and St. Mary's mouldering fane,
And the stone abbot, after circuit made 565
In wantonness of heart, a joyous crew
Of schoolboys, hastening to their distant home,
Along the margin of the moonlight sea,
We beat with thundering hoofs the level sand.

From this time forth in France, as is well known, 570
Authority put on a milder face,
Yet every thing was wanting that might give
Courage to those who looked for good by light
Of rational experience—good I mean
At hand, and in the spirit of past aims. 575
The same belief I nevertheless retained:
The language of the Senate, and the acts
And public measures of the Government,
Though both of heartless omen, had not power

To daunt me. In the people was my trust, 580
And in the virtues which mine eyes had seen,
And to the ultimate repose of things
I looked with unabated confidence.
I knew that wound external could not take
Life from the young Republic, that new foes 585
Would only follow in the path of shame
Their brethren, and her triumphs be in the end
Great, universal, irresistible.
This faith, which was an object in my mind
Of passionate intuition, had effect 590
Not small in dazzling me; for thus, through zeal,
Such victory I confounded in my thoughts
With one far higher and more difficult:
Triumphs of unambitious peace at home,
And noiseless fortitude. Beholding still 595
Resistance strong as heretofore, I thought
That what was in degree the same was likewise
The same in quality, that as the worse
Of the two spirits then at strife remained
Untired, the better surely would preserve 600
The heart that first had rouzed him—never dreamt
That transmigration could be undergone,
A fall of being suffered, and of hope,
By creature that appeared to have received
Entire conviction what a great ascent 605
Had been accomplished, what high faculties
It had been called to. Youth maintains, I knew,
In all conditions of society
Communion more direct and intimate
With Nature, and the inner strength she has— 610
And hence, ofttimes, no less with reason too—
Than age, or manhood even. To Nature then,
Power had reverted: habit, custom, law,
Had left an interregnum's open space
For her to stir about in, uncontrolled. 615
The warmest judgments, and the most untaught,
Found in events which every day brought forth

Enough to sanction them—and far, far more
To shake the authority of canons drawn
From ordinary practice. I could see 620
How Babel-like the employment was of those
Who, by the recent deluge stupefied,
With their whole souls went culling from the day
Its petty promises to build a tower
For their own safety—laughed at gravest heads, 625
Who, watching in their hate of France for signs
Of her disasters, if the stream of rumour
Brought with it one green branch, conceited thence
That not a single tree was left alive
In all her forests. How could I believe 630
That wisdom could in any shape come near
Men clinging to delusions so insane?
And thus, experience proving that no few
Of my opinions had been just, I took
Like credit to myself where less was due, 635
And thought that other notions were as sound—
Yea, could not but be right—because I saw
That foolish men opposed them.

To a strain
More animated I might here give way, 640
And tell, since juvenile errors are my theme,
What in those days through Britain was performed
To turn all judgements out of their right course;
But this is passion over near ourselves,
Reality too close and too intense, 645
And mingled up with something, in my mind,
Of scorn and condemnation personal
That would profane the sanctity of verse.
Our shepherds (this say merely) at that time
Thirsted to make the guardian crook of law 650
A tool of murder. They who ruled the state,
Though with such awful proof before their eyes
That he who would sow death, reaps death, or worse,
And can reap nothing better, childlike longed

To imitate—not wise enough to avoid. 655
Giants in their impiety alone,
But in their weapons and their warfare base
As vermin working out of reach, they leagued
Their strength perfidiously to undermine
Justice, and make an end of liberty. 660

But from these bitter truths I must return
To my own history. It hath been told
That I was led to take an eager part
In arguments of civil polity
Abruptly, and indeed before my time: 665
I had approached, like other youth, the shield
Of human nature from the golden side,
And would have fought even to the death to attest
The quality of the metal which I saw.
What there is best in individual man, 670
Of wise in passion and sublime in power,
What there is strong and pure in household love,
Benevolent in small societies,
And great in large ones also, when called forth
By great occasions—these were things of which 675
I something knew; yet even these themselves,
Felt deeply, were not thoroughly understood
By reason. Nay, far from it; they were yet,
As cause was given me afterwards to learn,
Not proof against the injuries of the day— 680
Lodged only at the sanctuary's door,
Not safe within its bosom. Thus prepared,
And with such general insight into evil,
And of the bounds which sever it from good,
As books and common intercourse with life 685
Must needs have given (to the noviciate mind,
When the world travels in a beaten road,
Guide faithful as is needed), I began
To think with fervour upon management
Of nations—what it is and ought to be, 690
And how their worth depended on their laws,
And on the constitution of the state.

O pleasant exercise of hope and joy,
For great were the auxiliars which then stood
Upon our side, we who were strong in love. 695
Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,
But to be young was very heaven! O times,
In which the meagre, stale, forbidding ways
Of custom, law, and statute took at once
The attraction of a country in romance— 700
When Reason seemed the most to assert her rights
When most intent on making of herself
A prime enchanter to assist the work
Which then was going forwards in her name.
Not favored spots alone, but the whole earth, 705
The beauty wore of promise, that which sets
(To take an image which was felt, no doubt,
Among the bowers of Paradise itself)
The budding rose above the rose full-blown.
What temper at the prospect did not wake 710
To happiness unthought of? The inert
Were rouzed, and lively natures rapt away.
They who had fed their childhood upon dreams—
The playfellows of fancy, who had made
All powers of swiftness, subtlety, and strength 715
Their ministers, used to stir in lordly wise
Among the grandest objects of the sense,
And deal with whatsoever they found there
As if they had within some lurking right
To wield it—they too, who, of gentle mood, 720
Had watched all gentle motions, and to these
Had fitted their own thoughts (schemers more mild,
And in the region of their peaceful selves),
Did now find helpers to their hearts' desire
And stuff at hand plastic as they could wish, 725
Were called upon to exercise their skill
Not in Utopia—subterraneous fields,
Or some secreted island, heaven knows where—
But in the very world which is the world
Of all of us, the place in which, in the end, 730
We find our happiness, or not at all.

Why should I not confess that earth was then
To me what an inheritance new-fallen
Seems, when the first time visited, to one 735
Who thither comes to find in it his home?
He walks about and looks upon the place
With cordial transport—moulds it and remoulds—
And is half pleased with things that are amiss,
'Twill be such joy to see them disappear. 740

An active partisan, I thus convoked
From every object pleasant circumstance
To suit my ends. I moved among mankind
With genial feelings still predominant,
When erring, erring on the better side, 745
And in the kinder spirit—placable,
Indulgent ofttimes to the worst desires,
As, on one side, not uninformed that men
See as it hath been taught them, and that time
Gives rights to error; on the other hand 750
That throwing off oppression must be work
As well of licence as of liberty;
And above all (for this was more than all),
Not caring if the wind did now and then
Blow keen upon an eminence that gave 755
Prospect so large into futurity—
In brief, a child of Nature, as at first,
Diffusing only those affections wider
That from the cradle had grown up with me,
And losing, in no other way than light 760
Is lost in light, the weak in the more strong.


In the main outline, such it might be said,
Was my condition, till with open war
Britain opposed the liberties of France.
This threw me first out of the pale of love, 765
Soured and corrupted upwards to the source,
My sentiments; was not, as hitherto,
A swallowing up of lesser things in great,
But change of them into their opposites,
And thus a way was opened for mistakes 770
And false conclusions of the intellect,
As gross in their degree, and in their kind
Far, far more dangerous. What had been a pride
Was now a shame, my likings and my loves
Ran in new channels, leaving old ones dry; 775
And thus a blow, which in maturer age
Would but have touched the judgement, struck more deep
Into sensations near the heart. Meantime,
As from the first, wild theories were afloat,
Unto the subtleties of which at least, 780
I had but lent a careless ear—assured
Of this, that time would soon set all things right,
Prove that the multitude had been oppressed,
And would be so no more. But when events
Brought less encouragement, and unto these 785
The immediate proof of principles no more
Could be entrusted—while the events themselves,
Worn out in greatness, and in novelty,
Less occupied the mind, and sentiments
Could through my understanding's natural growth 790
No longer justify themselves through faith
Of inward consciousness, and hope that laid
Its hand upon its object—evidence
Safer, of universal application, such
As could not be impeached, was sought elsewhere. 795
And now, become oppressors in their turn,
Frenchmen had changed a war of self-defence
For one of conquest, losing sight of all
Which they had struggled for, and mounted up,
Openly in the view of earth and heaven, 800
The scale of Liberty. I read her doom,
Vexed inly somewhat, it is true, and sore,
But not dismayed, nor taking to the shame
Of a false prophet. But, rouzed up, I stuck
More Firmly to old tenets, and, to prove 805
Their temper, strained them more; and thus, in heat
Of contest, did opinions every day
Grow into consequence, till round my mind
They clung as if they were the life of it.
This was the time when, all things tending fast 810
To depravation, the philosophy
That promised to abstract the hopes of man
Out of his feelings, to be fixed thenceforth
For ever in a purer element,
Found ready welcome. Tempting region that 815
For zeal to enter and refresh herself,
Where passions had the privilege to work,
And never hear the sound of their own names—
But, speaking more in charity, the dream
Was flattering to the young ingenuous mind 820
Pleased with extremes, and not the least with that
Which makes the human reason's naked self
The object of its fervour. What delight!—
How glorious!—in self-knowledge and self-rule
To look through all the frailties of the world, 825
And, with a resolute mastery shaking off
The accidents of nature, time, and place,
That make up the weak being of the past,
Build social freedom on its only basis:
The freedom of the individual mind, 830
Which, to the blind restraint of general laws
Superior, magisterially adopts
One guide—the light of circumstances, flashed
Upon an independent intellect.
For howsoe'er unsettled, never once 835
Had I thought ill of human-kind, or been
Indifferent to its welfare, but, enflamed
With thirst of a secure intelligence,
And sick of other passion, I pursued
A higher nature—wished that man should start 840
Out of the worm-like state in which he is,
And spread abroad the wings of Liberty,
Lord of himself, in undisturbed delight.
A noble aspiration!—yet I feel
The aspiration—but with other thoughts 845
And happier: for I was perplexed and sought
To accomplish the transition by such means
As did not lie in nature, sacrificed
The exactness of a comprehensive mind
To scrupulous and microscopic views 850
That furnished out materials for a work
Of false imagination, placed beyond
The limits of experience and of truth.
Enough, no doubt, the advocates themselves
Of ancient institutions had performed 855
To bring disgrace upon their very names;
Disgrace of which custom, and written law,
And sundry moral sentiments, as props
And emanations of these institutes,
Too justly bore a part. A veil had been 860
Uplifted. Why deceive ourselves?—'twas so,
'Twas even so—and sorrow for the man
Who either had no eyes wherewith to see,
Or seeing hath forgotten. Let this pass,
Suffice it that a shock had then been given 865
To old opinions, and the minds of all men
Had felt it—that my mind was both let loose,
Let loose and goaded. After what hath been
Already said of patriotic love,
And hinted at in other sentiments, 870
We need not linger long upon this theme,
This only may be said, that from the first
Having two natures in me (joy the one,
The other melancholy), and withal
A happy man, and therefore bold to look 875
On painful things—slow, somewhat, too, and stern
In temperament—I took the knife in hand,
And, stopping not at parts less sensitive,
Endeavoured with my best of skill to probe
The living body of society 880
Even to the heart. I pushed without remorse
My speculations forward, yea, set foot
On Nature's holiest places.

Time may come
When some dramatic story may afford 885
Shapes livelier to convey to thee, my friend,
What then I learned—or think I learned—of truth,
And the errors into which I was betrayed
By present objects, and by reasonings false
From the beginning, inasmuch as drawn 890
Out of a heart which had been turned aside
From Nature by external accidents,
And which was thus confounded more and more,
Misguiding and misguided. Thus I fared,
Dragging all passions, notions, shapes of faith, 895
Like culprits of the bar, suspiciously
Calling the mind to establish in plain day
Her titles and her honours, now believing,
Now disbelieving, endlessly perplexed
With impulse, motive, right and wrong, the ground 900
Of moral obligation—what the rule,
And what the sanction—till, demanding proof,
And seeking it in every thing, I lost
All feeling of conviction, and, in fine,
Sick, wearied out with contrarieties, 905
Yielded up moral questions in despair,
And for my future studies, as the sole
Employment of the inquiring faculty,
Turned towards mathematics, and their clear
And solid evidence. 910

Ah, then it was
That thou, most precious friend, about this time
First known to me, didst lend a living help
To regulate my soul. And then it was
That the belove`d woman in whose sight 915
Those days were passed—now speaking in a voice
Of sudden admonition like a brook
That does but cross a lonely road; and now
Seen, heard and felt, and caught at every turn,
Companion never lost through many a league— 920
Maintained for me a saving intercourse
With my true self (for, though impaired, and changed
Much, as it seemed, I was no further changed
Than as a clouded, not a waning moon);
She, in the midst of all, preserved me still 925
A poet, made me seek beneath that name
My office upon earth, and nowhere else.
And lastly, Nature's self, by human love
Assisted, through the weary labyrinth
Conducted me again to open day, 930
Revived the feelings of my earlier life,
Gave me that strength and knowledge full of peace,
Enlarged, and never more to be disturbed,
Which through the steps of our degeneracy,
All degradation of this age, hath still 935
Upheld me, and upholds me at this day
In the catastrophe (for so they dream,
And nothing less), when, finally to close
And rivet up the gains of France, a Pope
Is summoned in to crown an Emperor— 940
This last opprobrium, when we see the dog
Returning to his vomit, when the sun
That rose in splendour, was alive, and moved
In exultation among living clouds,
Hath put his function and his glory off, 945
And, turned into a gewgaw, a machine, sets like an opera phantom.

Thus, O friend,
Through times of honour, and through times of shame,
Have I descended, tracing faithfully 950
The workings of a youthful mind, beneath
The breath of great events—its hopes no less
Than universal, and its boundless love—
A story destined for thy ear, who now,
Among the basest and the lowest fallen 955
Of all the race of men, dost make abode
Where Etna looketh down on Syracuse,
The city of Timoleon. Living God,
How are the mighty prostrated!—they first,
They first of all that breathe, should have awaked 960
When the great voice was heard out of the tombs
Of ancient heroes. If for France I have grieved,
Who in the judgement of no few hath been
A trifler only, in her proudest day—
Have been distressed to think of what she once 965
Promised, now is—a far more sober cause
Thine eyes must see of sorrow in a land
Strewed with the wreck of loftiest years, a land
Glorious indeed, substantially renowned
Of simple virtue once, and manly praise, 970
Now without one memorial hope, not even
A hope to be deferred—for that would serve
To chear the heart in such entire decay.

But indignation works where hope is not,
And thou, O friend, wilt be refreshed. There is 975
One great society alone on earth:
The noble living and the noble dead.
Thy consolation shall be there, and time
And Nature shall before thee spread in store
Imperishable thoughts, the place itself 980
Be conscious of they presence, and the dull
Sirocco air of its degeneracy
Turn as thou mov'st into a healthful breeze
To cherish and invigorate thy frame.

Thine be those motions strong and sanative, 985
A ladder for thy spirit to reascend
To health and joy and pure contentedness:
To me the grief confined that thou art gone
From this last spot of earth where Freedom now
Stands single in her only sanctuary— 990
A lonely wanderer art gone, by pain
Compelled and sickness, at this latter day,
This heavy time of change for all mankind.
I feel for thee, must utter what I feel;
The sympathies, erewhile in part discharged, 995
Gather afresh, and will have vent again.
My own delights do scarcely seem to me
My own delights: the lordly Alps themselves,
Those rosy peaks from which the morning looks
Abroad on many nations, are not now 1000
Since thy migration and departure, friend,
The gladsome image in my memory
Which they were used to be. To kindred scenes,
On errand—at a time how different—
Thou tak'st thy way, carrying a heart more ripe 1005
For all divine enjoyment, with the soul
Which Nature gives to poets, now by thought
Matured, and in the summer of its strength.
Oh, wrap him in your shades, ye giant woods,
On Etna's side, and thou, O flowery vale 1010
Of Enna, is there not some nook of thine
From the first playtime of the infant earth
Kept sacred to restorative delight?

Child of the mountains, among shepherds reared,
Even from my earliest schoolday time, I loved 1015
To dream of Sicily; and now a sweet
And gladsome promise wafted from that land
Comes o'er my heart.
There's not a single name
Of note belonging to that honored isle,
Philosopher or bard, Empedocles, 1020
Or Archimedes—deep and tranquil soul—
That is not like a comfort to my grief.
And, O Theocritus, so far have some
Prevailed among the powers of heaven and earth
By force of graces which were theirs, that they 1025
Have had, as thou reportest, miracles
Wrought for them in old time: yea, not unmoved,
When thinking on my own belove`d friend,
I hear thee tell how bees with honey fed
Divine Comates, by his tyrant lord 1030
Within a chest imprisoned impiously—
How with their honey from the fields they came
And fed him there, alive, from month to month,
Because the goatherd, blesse`d man, had lips
Wet with the Muse's nectar. 1035

Thus I soothe
The pensive moments by this calm fireside,
And find a thousand fancied images
That chear the thoughts of those I love, and mine.
Our prayers have been accepted: thou wilt stand 1040
Not as an exile but a visitant
On Etna's top; by pastoral Arethuse—
Or if that fountain be indeed no more,
Then near some other spring which by the name
Thou gratulatest, willingly deceived— 1045
Shalt linger as a gladsome votary,
And not a captive pining for his home.